Leptospirosis, often called lepto, is a bacterial infection caused by Leptospira spp. that affects people and pets. Lepto is zoonotic, which means the disease can be transmitted from animals to humans, and is particularly concerning for pet owners. Once considered a rural disease, leptospirosis is a threat in all 50 U.S. states, including urban areas. Our State Ave Veterinary Clinic team explores leptospirosis causes, signs, treatment, and prevention to safeguard your furry friend. 

What is leptospirosis?

Leptospirosis bacteria thrive in warm, moist environments. The bacteria are typically found in soil and water and can infect many animals, including dogs and cats, but primarily dogs, and can also be transmitted to people.

How pets contract leptospirosis

Pets can become infected with leptospirosis through several routes, including:

  • Direct contact with infected urine — Pets can directly contact contaminated urine from infected animals, often rodents, in the environment.
  • Contaminated water or soil — Pets who drink or swim in contaminated water bodies or walk on infected soil are at an increased threat for leptospirosis.
  • Bites or scratches — Less commonly, Leptospira bacteria can be transmitted through bites, scratches, or ingesting infected tissues.

Leptospirosis signs in infected pets

Leptospirosis signs can vary widely, from mild to severe and life-threatening, and can affect multiple organ systems. Common indicators in pets include:

  • Fever and lethargy — An initial spike in temperature and general malaise are often the first signs in pets infected with lepto.
  • Vomiting and diarrhea — Gastrointestinal (GI) distress is common in infected cats and dogs.
  • Muscle pain and stiffness — Pets with lepto that affects their joints may be reluctant to move or will show they are in pain.
  • Increased thirst and urination — As the disease progresses, pets may have increased thirst, which can indicate loss of kidney function.
  • Jaundice — Yellowing of the skin and mucous membranes may result when lepto causes liver damage.
  • Respiratory distress — Pets with lepto may cough, have nasal discharge, or difficulty breathing.

In severe cases, leptospirosis can lead to kidney failure, liver damage, meningitis, and death if not promptly treated. If you notice the signs mentioned above, contacting our State Ave Veterinary Clinic staff promptly is imperative.

Diagnosis and treatment of lepto in pets

Our team diagnoses leptospirosis using a combination of clinical signs, history of potential exposure, and laboratory testing. Blood tests, urine tests, and specialized tests such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or microscopic agglutination test (MAT) can confirm the presence of Leptospira bacteria.

Treatment for leptospirosis typically involves antibiotics to eliminate the infection. Supportive care including IV fluids and anti-nausea and pain medications may be required. In severe cases, the infected pet may need intensive care so our team can monitor and support vital organ function.

Preventing leptospirosis in pets

Because of the severity of leptospirosis, taking measures to protect your furry friend is crucial in reducing the risk. Implement the following strategies: 

  • Vaccinate your pet — Annual vaccination for leptospirosis is available and recommended for dogs, particularly those who spend time outdoors and are therefore at higher risk. Discuss this option with our veterinary team.
  • Schedule wellness exams — Regular veterinary check-ups with our State Ave Veterinary Clinic team can help identify diseases early. We will also ensure your furry friend is fully vaccinated and protected from parasites that could otherwise threaten their health.
  • Remove pet waste — Promptly remove pet waste using disposable bags and spray off urine spots in the yard. Pet waste can not only attract parasites but also harbor infectious diseases.
  • Avoid contaminated areas — Prevent your pet from drinking stagnant water in areas such as marshes, lakes, and places frequented by wildlife. Avoid allowing your pet to drink from shared water bowls at community parks and dog parks. Instead, bring a plastic bowl and bottled water for them. 
  • Control rodents — Minimize the presence of rodents around the home and yard by regularly mowing the lawn, removing weeds, and filling in gaps, including around the home’s foundation and in the attic, where rodents can thrive.

Zoonotic diseases in pets

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that can threaten the health of pets and people. Pet owners should take precautions, especially when handling urine or tissues from infected pets. Wearing gloves, washing hands thoroughly, and avoiding contact with potentially contaminated water sources are essential preventive measures.

Leptospirosis is a serious but preventable disease that can severely impact your four-legged friend’s health. However, awareness, early detection, and proper preventive measures are key to protecting your pet and reducing the risk of transmission to human family members. Regular veterinary check-ups, vaccinations, and maintaining a parasite- and rodent-free environment are crucial to safeguarding your pet from this potentially life-threatening infection.

Contact our State Ave Veterinary Clinic team for information about the leptospirosis vaccine.